Catal Hyuk Free Essays

string(2129) " Mambassa Red Sea Adulis Srivijaya Sumatra CHAPTER 17 and 20: Europe in the Middle Ages IDENTITIES: Charlemagne Clovis Vikings Magyars Holy Roman Empire Serfs Vassals Manors Horse collars, watermills Heavy plows Pope Gregory I William Duke of Normandy Hanseatic League Three Estates Chivalry Guilds Thomas Aquinas Pilgrimage Gothic Cathedrals Leif Erikson Reconquista Fourth Crusade Bubonic Plague MAPS: Fankish Kingdom Papal States Britain Scandinavia Holy Roman Empire Castile Aragon Granada Portugal Navarre Iberian Peninsula Balkan Peninsula France Poland Hungary Serbia Byzantine Empire London Toledo CHAPTER 18: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration IDENTITIES: Yurt Khan Shamans Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Delhi Seljuks Temujin Khanbaliq Khubilai Khan Glolden Horde Ilkhanate Hulegu Yuan Bubonic Plague Tamerlane Marco Polo Gunpowder Ming Hongwu Ming Yongle MAPS: Steppes of Central Asia Persia Anatolia Manzikert Afghanistan Sultanate of Dehli Sultanate of Rum China Byzantine Empire Karkorum Samerkand Constantinople Baghdad Moscow CHAPTER 19: States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa IDENTITIES: Bantu Migrations Stateless Society Sundiata Mansa Musa Ibn Battuta Kinship Groups Age Groups Creator god Cotton Sugar Cane MAPS: Ife Benin Kongo Niger River Senegal River Congo/Zaire River Sahara The sahel Ghana Mali Jenne Timbuktu Gao CHAPTER 21: Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania IDENTITIES: Teotihuacan Chichen Itza Mexica/Aztec Chinampa Tenochtitlan Calpulli Calendars Quetzalcoatl Huitzilopochitli Pueblos Cahokia Matriarchy Confederation Cuzco Ayllus Quipu Mummification MAPS: Maya Empire Teothuacan Chichen Itza Tikal Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan Pueblo Societies Iroquois Lands Mound-building Lands Cahokia Cuzco Inca Empire Mississippi River Great Lakes Gulf of Mexico Andes Mountains Rocky Mountains Caribbean Sea Ohio River Sierra Madre Mountain CHAPTER 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections IDENTITIES: Vasco Da Gama Compass,Astrolab Christopher Columbus Circumnavigation Trading=post Empires VOC â€Å"Columbian Exchange† Lateen Sails Bartolomeu Dias James Cook British East India Co\." CHAPTER ONE: Before History IDENTITIES: Complex Society Paleolithic Venus Figurines Metallurgy Social Class/Social Structure Lucy Neolithic Lascaux Cave Paintings Neolithic Revolution Agricultural Revolution MAP: Olduvai Gorge Neander Valley Catal Huyluk Lascaux CHAPTER TWO: Early Societies in SW Asia and Indo-European Migrations IDENTITIES: The Epic of Gilgamesh Sargon of Akkad Hammurabi’s Codes/Laws Stele Assyrians Economic Specialization Stratified Patriarchal Society Elite, Commoner, Dependent, Slave Cuneiform Moses Polytheism Cross-Cultural Interaction Cross-Cultural Exchange Semitic City-state Hammurabi Indo-Europeans Hittites Hanging Gardens of Babylon Bronze and Iron Metallurgy Pastoral Nomads Hebrews, Israelites, Jews Abraham Monotheism Phoenicians MAP: Oceans Seas Continents Indian Subcontinent Tigris River Euphrates River Nile Rivers Anatolia Arabia Steppes of Eurasia (Ukraine) Southwest Asia South Asia Mesopotamia Ur Phoenicia Babylon Judea CHAPTER THREE: Early African Societies and Bantu Migrations IDENTITIES: Mummification Demographic Pressures Savannah Menes Pharaoh Mercenary Scribe Cataracts Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone Pyramids MAPS: Sudan Sahara Sahel Nile River Congo River Niger River Egyptian Kingdom Nubian Kingdom Kushian Kingdom Mediterranean Red Sea Anatolia Phoenicia Lake Chad Equator â€Å"Punt† Mesopotamia Memphis Sub-Saharan Africa Meroe Cairo West Africa East Africa CHAPTER FOUR: Early Societies in South Asia IDENTITIES: Aryans Ecological Degradation Republic Varna Jati Social Mobility Ritual Sacrifices Upanishads Samsara Mokasha Harappans Vedas, Rig Veda, Vedic Age Caste Brahmins Sati (Suttee) Dravidians Brahman Karma *MAPS*: Indus River Ganges River Himalaya Mountains Hindu Kush Mountains Bay of Bengal Harappa Red Sea Persia Persian Gulf CHAPTER FIVE: Early Society in East Asia IDENTITIES: Staple Foods Xia â€Å"China’s Sorrow† â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† Cowrie Shells Extended Family Consort Dynasty Loess Hereditary State Zhou Decentralized Administration Artisans Ancestor Veneration Oracle Bones Steppe Nomads MAPS: Yangzi River Steppes of Eurasia Southeast Asia Indian Ocean Burma (Myanmar) Mojeno-daro Huang He (Yellow) River Tibetan Plateau Southwest Asia Malay Peninsula Maldive Islands CHAPTER 6: Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania IDENTITES: Obsidian Maize Bering Land Bridge Pan-American Highway Pan-Pacific Highway Ceremonial Centers Authoritarian Society Agricultural Terraces Bloodletting Rituals Andean Highlands Andean Lowlands Austronesian Peoples Olmec Ball Games Doubled-hulled Canoes MAPS: Bering Strait Australia Oceans New Guinea Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea New Zealand Mississippi River Amazon River Polynesia Hawaii Yucatan Peninsula Indonesia Southeast Asia Easter Island Andes Mountains Chavin de Huantar CHAPTER 7: The Empires of Persia IDENTITIES: Archaemenids Cyrus Darius Parthians Tribute Standardized Coins Qanat Alexander of Macedonia Free vs. Unfree Labor Magi Seleucids Satrapies Royal Road â€Å"Eyes and ears of the king† Xerxes Bureaucrats Zoroastrianism MAPS: Persepolis Anatolia Afghanistan Macedonia Thrace Royal Road Bactria Iran Indus River CHAPTER 8: The Unification of China IDENTITIES: Eunuchs Castration Sian Qian Period of the Warring States Kong Fuzi Analects Ren, li, xiao Laozi Dao, Daoism Legalism Qin Shi Huangdi Great Wall Chinese Script Conscription Liu Bang Han Wudi Hegemony Yellow Turban Uprising Tribute Silk MAPS: Chang’an Great Wall Xiongnu Korea Bactria Taklamakan Desert South China Sea Samarkand Sumatra Java Guangzhou Bukhara CHAPTER 9: State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India IDENTITIES: Hindu Kush Mountains Political Vacuum Indus River Ashoka Maurya Bactria Tributary Alliances Monsoons Southeast Asia Varna Brahmin Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths Dharma Patronage Boddhisatva Punjab Chandragupta Maurya Ganges River Patiliputra Kushan Empire White Huns Indonesia Caste System Jati Jainism Buddha Noble Eightfold Path Stupas Ceylon â€Å"Arabic† Numerals CHAPTER 10: Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase IDENTITIES: Homer Mycenaeans King Minos Minoans Polis Pericles Antigonius Selecus Socrates Plato Spatan Persian Wars Peloponnesian War Hellenistic Empires Stoics The Liad and the Odyssey Trojan War Minoan Linear A and B Helot Alexander the Great Ptolemy Aristotle Tyrant Solon Darius, Xerxes Alexander of Macefon Sappho Maps: Balkan Peninsula Crete Cyprus Aegean Sea Athens Mycenae Thebes Persepolis Knossos Byzantium Neapolis Bactria Anatolia Peloponnesian Peninsula Sparta Macedonia Troy Ionia Attica Memphis Sicily CHAPTER 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase INDENTITIES: Paul of Tarsus Republic Po River Tiber River Senate Consuls Patricians Plebians Tribunes Dictator Gaul Celtics Carthage Punic Wars Latifundia Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus Marc Anthony Cleopatra Pax Romana Mare Nostrum Colosseum Pater Familias Jesus of Nazareth Bread and Circuses Diocletian Constantinople Western and Eastern Roman Empires Attila St. Augustine Constantine Visigoths Huns 476 ce Bishop of Rome CHAPTER 12: Cross-Cultural Exchange on the Silk Road IDENTITIES: Monsoon Winds Taklamakan Desrt Missionaries Epidemics Expatriate Merchants Bubonic Plague Bishop of Rome 476 ce Nestorians Syncretic/syncretism Small Pox St. We will write a custom essay sample on Catal Hyuk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Augustine Manicheaism MAP: Kush Himalaya Mountains Taklamakan Desert Taxila Persian Gulf Arabia Tyre Red Sea South China Sea Ceylon Bactria Chang’an Hindu Kush Mountains Madagascar Kashgar Caspian Sea Palmyra Antioch Arabian Sea Damasacus Guandzhou Pondicherry Samarkand Sumatra Java Parthia CHAPTER 13: The Commonwealth of Byzantium IDENTITIES: Byzantine Commonwealth Caesaropapism Corpus iuris civilis â€Å"Greek Fire† Schism Saint Cyril and Methodius Sasanids Hagia Sophia Theme System Iconoclasm Fourth Crusade MAPS: Balkan Peninsula Egypt Constantinople Alexandria Kiev Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Red Sea Caspian Sea Bosporus Strait Dardanelles Strait Anatolian Peninsula/Anatolia Sasanid Empire Damascus Rome Bulgaria Danube River CHAPTER 14: The Expansive Realm of Islam IDENTITIIES: Muhammad Arab Muslim Islam Quran Dar al-Islam Five Pillars Jihad Hajj Sharia Ka’ba Caliph Sunni Shia Hijra Umma Umayyad Abbasid Ulama Qadis Harun al Rushid Sultan Sufi Ibn Rushd â€Å"seal of the prophets† MAPS: Toledo Seville Cordoba Delhi Tunis Damascus Jerusalem Mecca Medina Palermo Baghdad Basra Isfahan Constantinople Samarkand Merv The Sind Khyber Pass Red Sea Persian Gulf Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indus River Al-Andalus Tigris/Euphrates Rivers Sasanid Empire CHAPTER 15 and 16: The Indian Ocean Basin IDENTITIES: Sui Tang Taizong Uigher Footbinding Gunpowder Chan/Zen Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Silla Dynasty Samuri The Sind Chola Ceylon Dhows/Junks Sufis Swahili States Yang Jian Grand Canal Equal Field System Fast-ripening Rice Porcelain Printing Paper Money Heian Court The Tale of Genjii Harsha Sultanate of Delhi Vijayanagar Monsoons Jati Angkor Wat Zimbabwe CHAPTER 15 and 16: The Indian Ocean Basin MAPS: Borders: Sui Tang Song Hangzhou Grand Canal Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River Japan South China Sea The Sind Vijayanagar Ceylon Cambay Calicut Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Chang’an Huang He/Yellow River Korea Vietnam Sea of Japan Harasha’s Kingdom Chola Sultanate of Delhi Monsoon Winds Surat Quilon Arabian Sea Madagascar Mogadishu Malindi Kilwa Sofala Funan Angkor Mambassa Red Sea Adulis Srivijaya Sumatra CHAPTER 17 and 20: Europe in the Middle Ages IDENTITIES: Charlemagne Clovis Vikings Magyars Holy Roman Empire Serfs Vassals Manors Horse collars, watermills Heavy plows Pope Gregory I William Duke of Normandy Hanseatic League Three Estates Chivalry Guilds Thomas Aquinas Pilgrimage Gothic Cathedrals Leif Erikson Reconquista Fourth Crusade Bubonic Plague MAPS: Fankish Kingdom Papal States Britain Scandinavia Holy Roman Empire Castile Aragon Granada Portugal Navarre Iberian Peninsula Balkan Peninsula France Poland Hungary Serbia Byzantine Empire London Toledo CHAPTER 18: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration IDENTITIES: Yurt Khan Shamans Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Delhi Seljuks Temujin Khanbaliq Khubilai Khan Glolden Horde Ilkhanate Hulegu Yuan Bubonic Plague Tamerlane Marco Polo Gunpowder Ming Hongwu Ming Yongle MAPS: Steppes of Central Asia Persia Anatolia Manzikert Afghanistan Sultanate of Dehli Sultanate of Rum China Byzantine Empire Karkorum Samerkand Constantinople Baghdad Moscow CHAPTER 19: States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa IDENTITIES: Bantu Migrations Stateless Society Sundiata Mansa Musa Ibn Battuta Kinship Groups Age Groups Creator god Cotton Sugar Cane MAPS: Ife Benin Kongo Niger River Senegal River Congo/Zaire River Sahara The sahel Ghana Mali Jenne Timbuktu Gao CHAPTER 21: Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania IDENTITIES: Teotihuacan Chichen Itza Mexica/Aztec Chinampa Tenochtitlan Calpulli Calendars Quetzalcoatl Huitzilopochitli Pueblos Cahokia Matriarchy Confederation Cuzco Ayllus Quipu Mummification MAPS: Maya Empire Teothuacan Chichen Itza Tikal Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan Pueblo Societies Iroquois Lands Mound-building Lands Cahokia Cuzco Inca Empire Mississippi River Great Lakes Gulf of Mexico Andes Mountains Rocky Mountains Caribbean Sea Ohio River Sierra Madre Mountain CHAPTER 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections IDENTITIES: Vasco Da Gama Compass,Astrolab Christopher Columbus Circumnavigation Trading=post Empires VOC â€Å"Columbian Exchange† Lateen Sails Bartolomeu Dias James Cook British East India Co. Prince Henry the Navigator Manila Galleons MAPS: Portugal Spain England Netherlands Lisbon Cape Verde Islands Azore Islands Canary Islands Philippine Islands Straits of Melaka Calicut Ottoman Empire Cape of Good Hope Northeast Trade Winds Westerlies Hawaiian Islands Siberia Java CHAPTER 24: The Transformation of Europe IDENTITIES: Martin Luther Ninety-Five Theses Henry III Missionary Council of Trent Society of Jesus Thirty Years’ War Treaty of Westphalia Protestant Charles V Siege of Vienna Spanish Inquisition Glorious Revolution Louis XIV Peter I Versailles St. Petersburg Catherine II Balance of Power Capitalism Adam Smith VOC Joint-Stock Company Putting-Out System Ptolemaic Universe Newton Copernican Universe John Locke Deism MAPS: Holy Roman Empire England Netherlands Spain Switzerland Italian States Rome Paris Madrid Amsterdam Russia St. Petersburg CHAPTER 25: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania IDENTITIES: Hernan Cortes Treaty of Tordesillas Encomienda Smallpox Conquistadors Seven Years’ War Mestizo Viceroy Mullatoes Settler colony Peninsulares Potosi Mit’a system Hacienda Silver trade Fur trade Tobacco Indentured servitude Manila Galleons James Cook MAPS: Caribbean Islands Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan Brazil Peru Mesoamerica New Castle Quebec Hispaniola Inca Empire Cuzco Mexico New France New Spain St. Augustine Jamestown Massachusetts Bay Philadelphia New Guinea Easter Island Tahiti New York Australia New Zealand Hawaiian Islands CHAPTER 26: Africa and the Atlantic World IDENTITIES: Sunni Ali Kingdom of Kongo Manioc Olaudah Equiano Maroons Call-and-response Songhay Antonian Movement Middle Passage Plantation Societies Creole Languages Queen Nzinga of Ndongo MAPS: Sierra Leone Sahara Desert Sub-Saharan Africa Songhay Timbuktu Senegal River Congo River Malindi Mombasa Kilwa Cape Town Kanem-Bornu Kingdom of Kongo Portugal Sofala Angola Cape Verde Islands CHAPTER 27: Tradition and Change in East Asia IDENTITIES: Mongols/Manchus Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty Eunuchs Forbidden City Queue Qing Kangxi Ging Qianlong Son of Heaven Infanticide Zheng He Manila Galleons mean people† Shogun Daimyo Shinto Dutch Learning Scholar-bureaucrat Foot binding Treasure ships VOC Matteo Ricco Bakufu Samuri Fancis Zavier MAPS: Manchuria Beijing Najing Great Wall Forbidden City Korea Mongolia Tibet Burma Philippine Islands Macau Nepal Caspian Sea Vietnam Batavia Nagasaki Edo Guangzhou CHAPTER 28: The Islamic Empires IDENTITIES: Shah Jahan Taj Mahal Ghazi Janissaries Selim the Grim Twelver Shiism Babur â€Å"divine faith† Peacock Throne Isman Bey Devshirme Mehmet II Shah Ismail Qizilbash Akbar Aurangzeb MAPS: Anatolia Egypt Istanbul Belgrade Hungary Vienna Danube River Aegean Sea Black Sea Yemen Aden Malta Casoian Sea Tabriz Caucasus Kabul Qandahar Delhi Isfahan Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Mughal Empire CHAPTER 29: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World IDENTITIES: John Locke Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu Adam Smith Seven Years’ War Battle of Saratoga Battle of Yorktown Declaration of Independence U. S. Constitution Ancien Regime Estates General Louis XVI levee en masse â€Å"cult of reason† Robespierre Jacobins Napoleon Waterloo Olympe de Gouges Civil Code Congress of Vienna Gens de couleur Maoon Boukman Toussaint L’Overture Miduel de Hidalgo Simon Bolivar Gran Columbia â€Å"Jamaican Letter† Emperor Pedro I Caudillos Juan Manual de Rosas Lopez de Santa Anna Benito Juarez Zionism Cavour Bismark Garibaldi British North America Act Federalism Dominion of Canada John MacDonald MAPS: Paris London Berlin Masocow Madirid Boston Chicago Caracas Lima Vieena Rome Lisbon New York Mexico City Bogota Buenos Aires European Countries in 1750 European Countries in 1875 North/South American Colonies in 1750 North/South American Colonies in 1875 CHAPTER 30: The Making of Industrial Society IDENTITIES: Watt’s Steam Engine Luddites Capitalism Eli Whitney Monopolies Trusts Cartels The Demographic Transition Utopian Socialists Witte Golondrinas Factory System Adam Smith Josiah Wedgwood Corporation Crystal Palace Exhibition Thomas Malthus The Communist Manifesto Zaibatsu Henry Ford MAPS: European Countries, ca 1850 Cuba Peru United States China Japan Argentina Brazil Canada Hawaii CHAPTER 32: Societies at a Crossroads IDENTITIES: Napoleon Muhammad Ali Capitulations Janissaries Mahmud II Tanzimat Reforms Young Ottomans Young Turks Constitution of 1876 Tsar Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II Crimean War Great Reforms Emancipation Zemstvos Sergie Witte Pogroms Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday Duma Cohong system Opium War Treaty of Najing Hong Kong Unequal Treaties Tributary Empire Hing Xiuquan Empress Cixi Admiral Perry Taiping Rebellion Self-Strengthening Movement Boxer Rebellion Tokugawa MAPS: Ottoman Empire (1759/1914) Russian Empire (1759/1914) Japanese Empire (1759/1914) Anatolia Balkan Peninsula Egypt Serbia Alexandria Moscow Russia Caucusus Guangzhou Korea Burma Balkan Peninsula Greece Istanbul Crimean Peninsula St. Petersburg Baltic Provinces China Hong Kong Vietnam Kyoto CHAPTER 33: The Building of Global Empires IDENTITIES: Cape to Cairo White Man’s Burden Steam-powered Gunboats Maxim Guns Submarine Cables Sepoy Revolt VOC Livingstone and Stanley Boer Wars Maoris Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Cecil Rhodes Civilizing Missioin Social Darwinism Breech-loading rifles Battle of Omdurman BEIC The Great Game French Indochina Suez Canal Queen lili’uokalani Indian National Congress Monroe Doctrine Russo-Japanese War MAPS: Africa (1750/1914) Colonial Empires Map showing raw materials provided by the colonies CHAPTER 34 The Great War: The World in Upheaval IDENTITIES: Archduke Franz Ferdinand Pan-Slavism Triple Entente Total War Tsar Nicholas II Trench warfare No-man’s-land Home Front V. I. Lenin Petrograd â€Å"Peace, Land, Bread† Lusitania Weimar Republic Fourteen Points Big Four League of Nations U. S. S. R. Self-determination Triple Alliance Schlieffen Plan Kaiser Wilhelm II Western Front Stalemate Verdun Mustard Gas Bolsheviks Soviets Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Easter Rebellion Influenza Pandemic Woodrow Wilson Mustafa Kemal/Kemal Ataturk Mandate System Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Sevres Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Trianon MAPS: Britain Belgium Austria-Hungary Italy Austrailia China Alps Marne River Paris St. Petersburg France Germany Russia Japan New Zealand Colonial Possession in Africa Seine River Nile River London Berlin Rome Vienna Sarajevo Istanbul Damascus Balkans Serbia Ottoman Empire (1914) Persia Siam German Colonies in the Pacific Verdun Dardanelle Straits Republic of Turkey Syria Iraq U. S. S. R. Palestine Yugoslavia Weimar Republic CHAPTER 35 and 36: Reactions to World War I IDENTITIES: Adolf Hitler Otto Spengler Sigmund Freud Werner Heisenberg Picasso Bauhaus Depression The New Deal New Economic Policy Trotsky â€Å"lost generation† Arnold Toynbee Albert Einstein Cubism Gauguin Gropius Keynesian Economics Red vs. Whites Kulaks â€Å"socialism in one country† Collectivization Facism Corporatism â€Å"pronatalits† policy Anti-Semitism Pogroms Muslim League Ahimsa, satyagraha Amritsar Massacre Government of India Act May 4th Movement Guomindang Mukden Incident Marcus Garvey Emiliano Zapata â€Å"land and liberty† â€Å"dollar diplomacy† vs. Yankee Imperialism† Standard Oil Company Joan Batista Somoza FDR Five Year Plan(s) The Great Purge Mussolini NSDAP Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht Indian National Congress Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Sun Yatsen Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi Maoism vs. Marxist-Leninism Jomo Kenyatta Pan-Afr icanism Pancho Villa Diego Rivera United Fruit Company Getulio Vargas Cesar Sandino President Cardenas Chiquita Banana MAPS: Berlin Vienna Paris Washington, D. C. Moscow Austria Italy India Manchuria Taiwan Mexico Brazil Argentina Chile New York Leningrad Germany U. S. S. R. Rome China Japan Kenya Peru Columbia Bolivia Nicaragua Korea CHAPTER 37: New Conflagrations: World War II IDENTITIES: Axis/Revisionist Powers Allied Powers Manchuria Invasion of China Rape of Nanjing Tripartite Pact Appeasement Anschluss Munich Conference Nonaggression Pact Warsaw Pact Blitzkrieg U-Boats Luftwaffe The Blitz Lebensraum Operation Barbossa Stalin Stalingrad Lend-lease Program â€Å"a date that will live in infamy† â€Å"Asia for Asians† Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere D-Day Wannsee Conference â€Å"comfort women† Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan N. A. T. O. United Nations MAPS: Manchuria China Japan Beijing Nanjing Ethiopia Italy Spain Libya Albania Sudetenland Czechoslovakia Poland Germany U. S. S. R. Stalingrad Pertrograd Moscow Caucasus Region Dutch East Indies French Indochina Pearl Harbor Dresden Berlin Iwo Jima Okinawa Tokyo Hiroshima Nagasaki CHAPTERS 38 and 39: Cold War and Decolonization IDENTITIES: UN NATO Warsaw Pact IMF World Bank OPEC OEEC, EU GATT SALT agreements Iron curtain Superpower Yalta Berlin Blockade Berlin Wall M. A. D. Korean War 38th Parallel Domino Theory Cuban Missile Crisis Richard Nixon Nikita Khrushchev Simone de Beauvoir Betty Friedan Bob Marley Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King, jr. Hegemony Charles de Gaulle â€Å"Brezhnev Doctrine† Alexander Dubcek Mao Zedong Prague Spring De-Stalinization Marshall Tito Detente Vietnam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Jawaharlal Nehru Gandhi Dominion-status Ho Chi Minh Geneva Agreements Balfour Declaration Abdel Nasser Suez Crisis FLN Negritude Kwame Nkrumah â€Å"Mau Mau† revolt Jomo Kenyatta Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution Lazaro Cardenas Joan and Eva Peron Jacobo Arbenz Guzman Somoza Family Sandinistas MAPS: Berlin (East and West) Germany (East and West) Moscow Korea Cuba Hungary China India Kashmir Syria Lebanon Suez Canal Israel Algeria Kenya Argentina Nicaragua Guatemala 38th Parallel Yugoslavia Czecholsovakia Vietnam Pakistan Palestine Iraq Jordan Egypt France Ghana Mexico How to cite Catal Hyuk, Papers

Never Ending Problem of Greed Essay Sample free essay sample

Mankind is set on a way leaded towards the devastation of its ain sort. The Earth will last. it has survived 10. 000 * ( all of today’s atomic power ) when the KT Event Occurred. The KT event is the same event that led to the death of non-avian dinosaurs. it consisted of a big asteroid doing direct contact with the Earth about 65 million old ages ago. The root cause of the job seems to be a ceaseless greed in â€Å"advancement† . Do non confound this â€Å"advancement† with development in any manner. Development is officially defined as a alteration in allele frequence of a population ( individual species ) over clip. â€Å"Advancement† on the other manus is officially vague but one can presume its definition to be â€Å"a desire towards the materialistic and an wild impulse to consume† . We can interrupt this sentence up in to two parts. â€Å"a desire towards the materialistic† . what I mean by this sentence refers to the turning desire for people to get stuff. It could be anything. from things that are required to things of highly random nature and no usage. The 2nd portion. â€Å"an untamed impulse to consume† . what is being consumed? Well. everything and anything. Consumables include anything from services to anything comestible. smoke-able. injectable etc. The desire to devour is turning exponentially. much faster than what the Earth can recycle ( the whole issue about planetary heating ) . The medium to ease this promotion is money. In today’s universe. money is evidently needed. but 1s perspective towards it must alter. It should be seen as a manner to fulfill â€Å"needs† non infinite â€Å"wants† . One person should non bask everything while another is deceasing of thirst ; the aggregation of wealth in the custodies of a few seems to crush the intent of the endurance of the whole species. After all. we are a societal species ; taking attention of others entitles us to mutual selflessness from other persons from our species. Yes. money can purchase you services that aid you in your endurance but an self less universe would be a universe in which creativeness is non bound by socio-economic restraints. scientific discipline is non bound by the close-minded and spiritualty is non bound by faith. one will non hold to worry approximately many things that cause us stress today. One might reason that this is nil but simple Darwinism. merely development. taking topographic point. After all. doesn’t it all come down to the endurance of the fittest? My reply is no. At our phase. natural choice is no longer taking topographic point and the statement of â€Å"survival of the fittest† does non use. as it is a construct of natural choice. If natural choice is non moving on us so evidently that construct does non keep. However. natural choice is moving on a minute graduated table. fundamentally on persons who die before they reproduce. It is still non the same as â€Å"survival of the fittest† . The other evolutionary forces nevertheless are still moving. Mutation. the kernel and root of development is happening invariably along with familial impetus. Besides. nonrandom coupling is taking topographic point but without natural choice the features that would hold been favored of course by development ( viz. by sexual choice ) for our species. viz. intelligence and selfless behaviour. have been replaced by superficial features such as being economically rich. or being fine-looking ( although a physically fit person is seen as a good investing since the physical visual aspect is a mark that the person is healthy and will be more efficient in footings of geting resources. fending off enemies and raring the immature ) . the â€Å"good-looking† I am mentioning to is what is portrayed by the popular media. a wholly inaccurate and unrealistic image. Coming back to the point and turn toing the issue in an informal manner. one can state that what all this comes down to is the fact that nonrandom coupling is taking topographic point but the allelomorphs for all the incorrect traits are increasing in frequence. More and more hurtful mut ants ( harmful mutants ) are happening and this fact is due to the unhealthy life style and delusional beliefs that mankind holds. Religion and â€Å"god† . These are the two large subscribers to chaos in today’s clip. Worlds seem to make a package of jobs when it comes to religion. What is faith? Religion in my head is a belief towards the individuality and instructions of the â€Å"creator† and the procedures and events that took topographic point during Creation. Firstly. I must turn to the issue of the literature that is contained in different faiths. Note. there are many similarities in all the faiths that exist today and this can be explained by a simple fact that the texts are a description of events that they could non be described any more accurately than they were due to miss of cognition. Some of the narratives and myths are merely that. narratives and myths. Some alleged faiths. such as Hinduism. Buddhism and few others. are non religion but philosophical and religious instructions. a manner of life or perceptual experience but others may be description of events that took topogr aphic point in the yesteryear that were indefinable so. but what could these events be? They could be many things. things every bit simple as an effort to understand nature and how it works. or it could be a description of foreigners or anything else. that is are unimportant. The of import thing here is that we must non take them literally and decidedly non in a manner that puts logic and ground on the back place. The subject of God is complicated. God can intend many things. It can intend the â€Å"super -conscious † of the whole existence ; it can intend a being from a higher dimension. could be an foreigner. to an early-man it could intend an aeroplane. If you notice I have non included the most celebrated word picture of God. as a human-like figure with the capacity to interrupt the Torahs of the natural philosophies. Well. isn’t this word picture a small spot egoistic? If you have the thought of merely how monolithic the existence is and merely how little a human is. so you know that this construct is flawed. Why would. god. the all-powerful Godhead of the whole existence. take the signifier of one puny species on a bantam bluish planet go arounding around an highly mean star in one of the 500 billion galaxies? Obviously the ground behi nd why people depict Gods like a human being is because they lack imaginativeness! It is that simple. God. harmonizing to me. is non merely one being. God is the corporate scruples of every perceiver ( life-form ) in the existence. Not merely the life signifiers. but besides the scruples of every individual sub-atomic atom. It may sound bogus. how can a inanimate atom have a scruples? Well. the reply to that inquiry lies in another inquiry: what is a life being made off? Every life being is made out of separately inanimate atoms. which combine to do up proteins and DNA etc. which farther consequence in the formation of the cell. the cardinal unit of life. How can inanimate atoms combine to give rise to your scruples? If a aggregation of atoms in a peculiar combination and substitution is capable of sing consciousness ( an being ) . so is it impossible that the universe incorporating all of those agreements is besides capable of consciousness and self-awareness? Another manner to depict God would merely be a being from a higher dimension. Presently scientists assume the figure of dimensions in our existence to be 11 under threading theory. Why 11? ; Because any theory consisting of more than 11 dimensions prostrations. We are three-dimensional existences ( length. breadth A ; tallness ) . although we perceive 4 dimensions. the 4th being clip. we are able to travel freely in both waies of merely length. breadth and tallness but we merely move in one way when it comes to clip. frontward. If we were to comprehend a 2-dimesional universe. we would be able to see every corner and intersection of the plane while the two-dimensional being would be blind to us. If they were to see us between the cross-section of the plane. they would merely see a two-dimensional representation of us. Similarly. a 5th-dimensional being would be able to travel back and Forth in clip. see every individual cross-section of our three-dimensional plane at one time ( similar to the omnipotence of conventional God ) and would be able to execute impossible undertakings in our plane. A 6th-dimensional being would likewise be able to take the exact plac e on the timeline every bit good as the coveted timeline itself from all the possible timelines. Therefore. the conventional thought of God seems to be outdated in today’s age. The following job is the job of limited and depleting resources present on the Earth. Most of the resources we use. direct. such as firing fossil fuels. or indirect. such as electricity which is produced by utilizing radioactive elements such as Th and U that are taken from the Earth and are non-renewable. Although some energy beginnings such as solar energy. weave energy and natural gas are unlimited ; the engineering to tackle energy from these beginnings is still non efficient plenty to replace non-renewable beginnings of energy. This is the basic job that world is confronting today in footings on energy. Notice. this job is straight linked to the â€Å"advancement† . both the sentences are the cause of why resources are being used at an transcending rate. If one is to merely buy points that are needed or required and if one consumes without any waste. so this job can be slowed down drama tically. But this is non an efficient manner to command this job since it involves a alteration in something non-objective. something that can non be measured. the desires and attitudes of people. which are comparative for different persons. The best manner to cover with this job is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is scientific discipline and technology taking topographic point on a microscopic graduated table. 1 nanometre ( nm ) is 10-6 times the breadth of a human hair. At such a little graduated table. the interactions are on an intermolecular footing. which means that the engineering is far more accurate and efficient. Nanotechnology can alter the universe ; in fact. it has the possible to alter the whole solar system in the hereafter. The inquiry you may be inquiring yourself may be that ; how can nanotechnology be the solution to our energy jobs? The reply is slightly close to â€Å"magic† . When one thinks of a prestidigitator. the ability to alter the construction of the atom in stantly comes to mind. One may hold seen unrecorded or through media that all prestidigitators try give the semblance of drawing out or vanishing affair from/in thin air severally. What are the demands needed to make this on a scientific footing? One has to be able to somehow alter the figure of sub-atomic atoms present in all surrounding atoms. viz. the protons and negatrons. For illustration. if I had the ability of a existent prestidigitator. and I was given a balloon filled with H gas ( H2 ) and I was given the undertaking to alter the H gas to Helium gas ( He ) . what would I need to make on an atomic graduated table? I would hold to alter the figure of negatrons and protons from 1 in H gas to 2 nowadays in He. Note that a batch is non understood about the even smaller atoms and their interactions therefore it is non this simple but in theory. if one had adequate cognition of the sub-atomic interactions. this can be achieved. The deductions of a machine that can alter affair from one component to another will be enormous. It would intend free and limitless energy for everyone. an equal and a wholly selfless civilisation is a possibility with this. One would simple inquire for what one wants. there would be no â€Å"need† to work or make anything! To avoid this and to guarantee a technological and evolutionary growing. scientists are decidedly required along with encouragement for latitudinarian and self-actualization. Mankind will hold smart plenty â€Å"building material† that would be able to clean. fix and construct all by itself via nanotechnology. In this universe. an important authorities would non be required and determinations sing scientific discipline would be left in the custodies of scientific discipline alternatively of jurisprudence.

The Relationship between China and Vietnam in 1979

Table of Contents Introduction Sino-Vietnam War in 1979 Causes of the Sino-Vietnam War Vietnam’s Inversion of Cambodia The Continued USSR’s Support to Vietnam Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Vietnam had been a close ally of the People’s Republic of China in the 1960s and early 1970s. Due to their cordial relationship, Vietnam always received both financial and material support from China during its time of need (Womuck 67).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Relationship between China and Vietnam in 1979 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, during Vietnam’s conflicts with its foes such as the US, China sent its troops to Vietnam to assist with the war. However, the relationship between the two countries later deteriorated in late 1970s (Womuck 72). In 1979, the relationship between the two countries degenerated into a war that greatly affected the financial s tability and military strength of both countries. The deterioration of the relationship between China and Vietnam is partly attributed to Vietnam’s failure to show gratitude for Chinese assistant. The collapse of the bilateral relationship between China and USSR also contributed to the strained relationship between China and Vietnam in 1979 (Feng 78). This paper analyzes the 1979 relationship between China and Vietnam as well as the cause of the strained relationship. Sino-Vietnam War in 1979 Prior to the 1979 war between China and Vietnam, the two countries had a positive relationship (Feng 79). They cooperated in many ways including military support in time of need. Following the violation of the principles that formed the basis of the cordial relationship between the two countries, their association or friendship began to decline in 1975. China particularly felt that Vietnam had failed to reciprocate in their friendship and thus it needed to revenge (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 321). External factors such as the collapse in the bilateral relationship between China and the Soviet Union also contributed to the conflict between China and Vietnam. The conflict culminated in a war between the two countries in 1979. The Sino-Vietnam war lasted for about three weeks and was characterized by severe casualties on both sides (DeRouen 57). Each country lost several troops and civilians. Several factors led to the Sino-Vietnam war and this can be explained as follows. Causes of the Sino-Vietnam War One of the main reasons that led to the conflict or war between China and Vietnam in 1979 was the manner in which the Vietnamese authorities treated the Chinese ethnic minority that lived within Vietnamese territory (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 325). The Chinese ethnic minority in Vietnam were not entitled to equal treatment as other Vietnamese citizens. They were considered outsiders and thus did not deserve to live in the country under the same con ditions as the Vietnamese citizens. In 1978, the Vietnamese authorities forced the Chinese ethnic minorities to move back to their country (Zhang 856). China was particularly angered by Vietnam’s decision to repatriate the Chinese. China considered Vietnam’s move an act of betrayal and decided to explore alternative ways to ravage against Vietnam (Zhang 857). Consequently, China stopped to assist Vietnam through financial and military support.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The withdrawal of Chinese support forced Vietnam to explore alternative options of getting support during its time of need. This led to the signing of a â€Å"cooperation and friendship pact† (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 326) between Hanoi and Moscow. The cooperation between Vietnam and the USSR only served to increase the tension between China and Vietnam. In the countdown to th e 1979 war, Vietnam and the Soviet Union signed a mutual defense treaty in November 1978 (Elleman). It is the signing of this pact that made Vietnam the target of military action by China. The Chinese authority felt that the pact was actually aimed at limiting their military strength and influence in the region. Besides, the relationship between China and the Soviet Union was at the verge of collapse thus it was not in the interest of China to watch two of its foes unite (Elleman). One of the indications that the Vietnam-Soviet pact was aimed at China can be traced to its sixth clause. The cause stated that â€Å"Vietnam and the USSR would immediately consult each other either if attacked or threatened with attack† (Feng 76). The aim of the consultations was to eliminate the threat of attack. The protocols of the treaty also allowed the USSR military to access or use the airfields and ports owned by Vietnam. In Chinese authorities’ view, the Soviet Union appeared to ha ve succeeded in surrounding China diplomatically by signing the pact with Vietnam (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 327). Thus the Chinese authorities believed that the only way to stop the insurgence of the Soviet Union was to break the treaty between it and Vietnam. In order to achieve this objective, China had to attack Vietnam in February 1979 (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 328). Vietnam on its part claimed that it opted to form an alliance with the Soviet Union in order to avert Chinese adventurist acts. However, Beijing did not believe in Vietnam’s claim in regard to their pact with USSR. They instead interpreted the treaty as a strategy used by the Soviet Union to pressurize them to reconsider their stance on the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty (Womuck 87). This means that the Soviet Union intended to use its treaty with Vietnam to force China to renew the 1950 Sino-Soviet treaty which was characterized by inequality. It was apparent that if the Soviet managed to es tablish a foothold in Southern Asia by forming an alliance with Vietnam, it would be in a position to flank China on its southern and northern borders. Such a move would enable the Soviet Union to have power over China by weakening their military ability (DeRouen 62).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Relationship between China and Vietnam in 1979 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the Chinese authorities, the Soviet Union would use their military strength to force China to either renew or renegotiate the terms and conditions that formed the basis of the 1950 Sino-Soviet treaty. Beijing was however, determined to terminate its relationship with the Soviet Union especially under the 1950 Sino-Soviet treaty. Renmin Ribco’s warning that the Soviet was using Vietnam against China after â€Å"trying and failing to use Cuba to exert diplomatic pressure against the United States† (Wo muck 88) is one of the indications of China’s deep concern over the Soviet-Vietnam treaty. Renmin’s view was further reinforced by Beijing’s claim that Moscow’s eventual goal was to have the entire Indochina in its control. This means that successful implementation of Soviet Union’s policies in Vietnam would enable the Soviet government to establish strategic diplomatic success as well as military power over China. Thus China was highly concerned about the Soviet-Vietnam treaty since its success would pose a great threat to its national security and sovereignty in the subsequent months. With the signing of the Soviet-Vietnam treaty, the relationship between China and Vietnam worsened day by day (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 329). China having realized the danger posed by the treaty, had to move quickly and find a way of weakening the relationship between USSR and Vietnam. Part of China’s strategic move was to form an alliance with it s former enemies in order to boost its military strength as well as the chances of obtaining any material or financial need at the time of its need. Consequently, China officially formed an alliance with the United States in 1979 (DeRouen 63). The signing of the Sino-American alliance in 1979 had two implications. First, it worsened the relationship between China, Vietnam and the Soviet Union. This is because the United States was a common foe of both Vietnam and the USSR. Thus its alliance with China was not in the interest of both Vietnam and the USSR (DeRouen 64). Second, the Soviet Union just like China became concerned over its security in the future following the signing of the Sino-America alliance. Of great concern to the Soviet Union was the possibility of facing a two front war. This means that the chances of the USSR being attacked simultaneously by the America-led NATO troops from the west and Chinese troops from the east increased (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 3 31). In the event of such attack, the Soviet Union could have easily collapsed since it would not be able to stand the joint military action from the two countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vietnam’s Inversion of Cambodia As a response to the Sino-America alliance, the Soviet Union increased its support for Vietnam in regard to its (Vietnam) attack on Cambodia (Zhang 860). Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge’s regime was a close ally of China. The Chinese backed the Khmer Rouge administration thus Vietnam having parted ways with China was uncomfortable with Cambodia (Zhang 861). It was therefore in the interest of both Vietnam and the Soviet Union to attack Cambodia. Their intention was to weaken China’s influence in the region. Besides, Vietnam’s victory in the war with Cambodia would mean that China was weak and was not able to defend its allies. In order to demonstrate its military ability, China had to intervene in the conflict between Vietnam and Cambodia by attacking Vietnam (Zhang 862). However, China could not attack Vietnam directly in regard to the war in Cambodia. Consequently, border conflicts that had not been settled between China a nd Vietnam resurfaced. This means that the inversion of the Chinese military in the â€Å"disputed Sino-Vietnamese territory† (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 335) was an indirect strategy of weakening Vietnamese military in order to stop their encroachment in Cambodia. These trends indicate that the border war between China and Vietnam was not just because of Vietnam’s attack on Cambodia. The power struggle between China and the USSR also played an important role. This is because the USSR’s support to Vietnam was aimed at defeating Cambodia which was a close ally of China (Feng 91). On the other hand, China focused on weakening Vietnamese military power in order to protect Cambodia. Consequently, the conflict between Vietnam and Cambodia was widely viewed as a proxy war between China and the USSR. Each country wanted to demonstrate to the other its ability to protect its ally. The Continued USSR’s Support to Vietnam As was discussed earlier, the Sov iet-Vietnamese treaty meant that the Soviet and Vietnam would support each other in the event of a war. China on its part did not perceive any threat from Vietnam on its own. This is because Vietnam was relatively small both in terms of population size and its military strength (Womuck 113). However, China became weary of Vietnam’s threat following continued support from the Soviet Union. The Soviet government had supplied Vietnam with a lot of military equipment which included munitions, aircrafts, tanks and missiles. Besides, the Soviet government had sent â€Å"between 5000 to 8000 advisers to Vietnam† (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 337) to assist with planning for military action against its enemies. The USSR initially thought that supporting Vietnam with military equipment will deter China from attacking it. However, the USSR’s hopes were dashed since China eventually attacked Vietnam in 1979. Some scholars argue that the attack could not have taken place if the USSR did not send so many advisors to Vietnam (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 337). This attack was particularly significant since it put the relationship between Vietnam and the Soviet Union in test. According to the Soviet-Vietnam treaty, the USSR was expected to send its troops to Vietnam and help them defeat China. However, this was not possible due to logistics reasons. Due to the large distance between USSR and Vietnam, the former could not have easily intervened during the war. The only practical option was to intervene through China or other allies of United States which was not possible due to the strained relationships between USSR and China as well as US (DeRouen 94). When the USSR failed to support Vietnam during the war, China claimed victory for having managed to destroy the treaty between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. China demonstrated to Vietnam that it could not be protected by its ally, the Soviet Union. The Soviet-Vietnam treaty had thus failed due to USSR’s inability to support Vietnam. The end of the war between China and Vietnam in 1979 did not help in settling their differences. The two countries continued to have a strained relationship in 1979. For instance, the conflict over the Sino-Vietnam common border remained unresolved (DeRouen 115). The mistrust between the two countries worsened and this reduced the chances of improving the relationship between China and Vietnam. Conclusion The above discussion indicates that China and Vietnam had strained relationship in 1979. China and Vietnam enjoyed cordial relationships in the 1960s and early 1970s. The deterioration of the relationship between China and Vietnam degenerated into a war in 1979. Both countries lost thousands of troops and civilians. The main causes of the war and weak relationship between China and Vietnam included the following. First, China wanted to punish Vietnam for failing to reciprocate in their relationship (Institute of Southeast Asian St udies 324). Vietnam repatriated Chinese ethnic minority within its territory and this angered China. Second, the border conflicts between the two countries led to the 1979 war. Finally, the alliance between Vietnam and the Soviet Union was a security threat to China (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 324). Thus China went to war with Vietnam in order to destroy the Soviet-Vietnam treaty. These factors did not just cause the war but were also the main contributors to the strained relationship between China and Vietnam in 1979. Works Cited DeRouen, Karl. Defense and security. New York: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Print. Elleman, Bruce. â€Å"Sino-Soviet Relations and the February 1979 Sino-Vietnam conflict. Vietnamedu.com. 20 April 1996. Web. Feng, Huiyan. Chinese startegic cultural and foreign policy decision-making. New York: Routledge , 2007. Print. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. â€Å"Assessing Sino-Vietnamese relations through the management of contentious issues.† Journal of International and Strategic Affairs 6 (2004): 320-745. Womuck, Drantly. China and Vietnam . London: Cambridge University Press , 2006. Print. Zhang, Xiaoming. â€Å"China’s 1979 war with Vietnam.† China Quarterly 7 (2005): 852-896. This research paper on The Relationship between China and Vietnam in 1979 was written and submitted by user Grace U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Problem of Class Identity in the Society

The Problem of Class Identity in the Society Class Identity Many scholars have paid a lot of attention to class identity recently. Apparently, class identity plays a very important role in every individual’s life. It considerably shapes people’s behavior. Admittedly, people pertaining to different classes differ in their habits, preferences and opportunities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Class Identity in the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, class can shape (and does shape) the way people eat, speak, etc. Of course, class is a less apparent characteristic feature than race or ethnicity. However, it is still manifested in many details. Thus, it is possible to define the class when paying attention to the way an individual speaks, the clothes he/she wears, etc. It is also important to note that people pertaining to working class often experience certain kind of alienation. For instance, the way these people talk is co nsidered to be abnormal. Therefore, people of this class often work out different behavioral patterns when they become a part of another class (e.g. middle- class). Interestingly, many researchers deal with such notion as mobility which is regarded as a myth. Admittedly, even in the American society, which largely relied on the American Dream, people can hardly penetrate another class. Thus, it is really hard to shift upwards in any society. All these factors show that class identity can be placed in the one row with ethnical identity, national identity or gender identity. It is also important to note that people’s behavior is shaped by multiple identities. Racial Identity Racial identity is considered to be a phenomenon largely discussed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Interestingly, people started talking about differences concerning race in the 16th century when the era of discoveries started. In the 18th century Europeans tried to decide whether Blacks could be regarded as animals. Notably, the development of technology has enabled people to find the answer to this question as it is proved that only fifty-five genes (out of three million) distinguish different groups of people. In fact, many people now are more concerned with cultural differences. For instance, Brazilians do not differentiate people in terms of their skin color. However, in the USA people still differentiate whites from nonwhites. In this country racial identity plays an important role and it shapes intercultural communication to great extent. It is important to note that whites tend to acknowledge their whiteness. They often report that they feel uncomfortable as they are often prejudged as racists only because of their skin color.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Remarkably, whites feel uneasy when they find themselves in the minority. Therefore, race, be ing one of the most salient features, shapes people’s behavior. It is also important to note that racial identity influences people’s perception. Thus, the American society is overwhelmed with various prejudices based on the issues concerning race. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. The two researchers argue that language shapes people’s perception of the world around them. According to Sapir and Benjamin language depicts people’s experience. Thus, the linguists studied peculiarities of Native Americans’ languages and compared different European languages. The researchers supported their hypothesis by many instances. For example, it is possible to think of the way the Dine define colors. Thus, these people have the same word for green and blue, and at the same time, have two words for black. Admittedly, this illustrates the way people perceive the world. However, the hypothesis ha s been criticized. Some researchers have argued that the hypothesis is two formalistic. Thus, some have tried to prove that language does not influence people’s perception. Some argue that not knowing some language or some particular words does not prevent people from understanding some phenomena. Nonetheless, it is verified that language helps to understand these phenomena more quickly. Admittedly, language does shape the way people see the world. One of the best examples to support this assumption is a person learning several languages. Thus, when learning another language, people understand other people’s culture. In other words, they obtain other people’s experience. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis reveals one of peculiarities of languages, i.e. people are able not only to communicate some ideas with the help of language but to understand the world better. â€Å"Power Effect of Labels Admittedly, labels play an important rol e in human societies. In fact, people tend to describe people using some sort of labels. These labels usually reveal racial and ethnical identity, gender, job, physical characteristics, etc. Some people argue that it is unfair to put labels. Of course, it is necessary to note that labels are often based on prejudice and misconceptions. Nonetheless, people are not ready to abandon labels as labels help people differentiate others. It is also necessary to note that labels can shape people’s behavior. Thus, those in power can use labels to pursue certain goals. One of the brightest examples of such power is Hitler’s demagogy. He used labels to evoke negative feelings in German people. Notably, not only politicians should be regarded as those in power.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Class Identity in the Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This phenomenon can be manifested in interpers onal communication as well. Thus, parents or educators (intentionally or unintentionally) can influence children’s perception of the world. Fortunately, many people have acknowledged the power of labels and try to use them in a thoughtful way. In fact, it is important to teach young people to understand the power of labels as this can help them to accommodate in different settings. Code Switching Code switching is the phenomenon of changing language, accent or dialect during communication. Code switching may happen due to different reasons. Thus, people who want to accommodate others can switch language (dialect, etc.). On the contrary, if a person wants to emphasize that he/she is different, code switching can happen. Sometimes people switch language to exclude other people from the conversation. However, sometimes code switching can happen unintentionally. For instance, bilingual people may find it easier to speak certain language and switch to it unintentionally. Of course , irrespective of the reasons for code switching, this phenomenon plays a very important role in intercultural communication. Thus, people can feel comfortable or uncomfortable in different situations. Some people have the power to decide whether they want to accommodate others, or whether it is unnecessary. At the same time, others do not have such an opportunity and have to rely on their interlocutors. Such kind of dependence does not contribute to the effective communication. It is necessary to point out that the role of the phenomenon has already been acknowledged and now it is much more important to understand when it is appropriate to switch codes. This knowledge will help people to effectively communicate with each other avoiding any misunderstanding and any negative emotions.

How To Learn New Skills As A Content Marketer [VIDEO] - CoSchedule

How To Learn New Skills As A Content Marketer [VIDEO] Content teams often have too much to do, and too few people to get it all done. For content marketers, that means we’re often asked to stretch our skill sets. Whether you need to create a new type of content or delve into a task you’ve never tackled before, you may not always know how to do everything you’re asked right away. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed. Fortunately, learning new content marketing skills isn’t as hard as it sounds. In fact, it only takes 100 hours to develop basic competency at a given task. Plus, you don’t have to be a master right away. The secret to success is to just start. The secret to success is to just start. #OverheardAtIn this video, I chat with s  Content Marketing Lead, Nathan Ellering, to discuss how to overcome perfectionism and the fear of failure. Plus, you’ll learn the same skill development process the team used to build a blog that gets 1 million page views per month, an email list over 120,000 strong, and a fast-growing social media following.How To Learn  New Skills As A Content Marketer #OverheardAtSubscribe to receive videos in your inbox: //

Information essay ---education related( preferred differences between

Information ---education related( preferred differences between chinese and western education - Essay Example In the modern times when a nation needs to concentrate on the Knowledge economy’, the role of education becomes more important to be addressed in the development of human capital. This is on the grounds that when a nation has a general public of educated citizens, it increases its chances of development at all the social and economic levels. Besides, the every capital pay of a nation altogether relies on the condition of economy which is straightforwardly relative to the education rate in a nation (Leung 42). Educated individuals have different chances and have the capacity to propel in different fields for openings for work, they are versatile and can work in anyplace inside the nation to earn a living and thus enhance their expectations for everyday comforts. Educated individuals have the capacity to enhance openings for work and adequately use the rare assets henceforth lessen neediness levels. For the vast benefits of education across the world, many nations have adopted different kinds of education systems. That is why there is a big difference between Chinese and Western systems of education; many scholars have been quoted to say that â€Å"Westerners are more assertive and creative, while Easterners are more conservative and reserved.† The underlying question is†¦what makes the difference? The difference comes as a result of dissimilar education systems; their approaches to teaching and learning are quite different .In China education is seen as the best approach to land the best position that has the most impact. Therefore, from the time kids can be placed in school, they are overwhelmed with homework, retention and the steady pressure to exceed expectations. Regarding education, conservative Chinese society weights students to study mindfully for required tests expected to move onto the following level of

Wildlife and Forest Management in Kanbula National Park Term Paper

Wildlife and Forest Management in Kanbula National Park - Term Paper Example Wildlife and forest management is essential to preserve its natural beauty and to maintain the ecological processes within. However, there are many factors that affect the wildlife and the forest as industrialization is boosting in the realms of China’s borders. Despite the fact that the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station is producing clean energy, it ironically has caused several alterations to the ecological system of the Kanbula Forest. This paper aims to 1) provide an exposition about the characteristics of the Kanbula National Park; 2) determine the impact of Lijiaxia Hydro Power Plant to the ecological process within Kanbula National Park and; 3) propose several ways of wildlife and forest management while taking into consideration the present condition of the Kanbula National Park. Introduction Forest ecosystem consists primarily of trees and other naturally growing plants. It nurtures various types of wild animals and other species. The forest ecosystem, like the Ka nbula Forest, provides people with food, fuel, timber and fiber. Other than these, most people do not recognize the significance of forests among their lives. Forests provide protection of the hydrologic cycle. They also help in climate regulation because forests are basically natural sinks of carbon, which is one of the greenhouse gases that harm the planet (Espaldon et al, 2004). Kanbula forest is one of the most diverse across China. However, most of its flora and fauna are at risk of extinction. Major causes of forest destruction include industrialization, commercialism and weak enforcement of forest laws (Sajise et al, 1996). This paper will dig deeper into several issues that Kanbula National Park is facing, and how these issues or factors impact the forest’s ecological system. Characteristics of Kanbula National Park Geographical Position The Kanbula National Park is located in Northwest of Jianza County of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous States in Qinghai Province, with t otal area of 15,054 hectares and altitude of 2,100 to 4,000 meters above sea level (Hong, Shi, 2009). The Kanbula forest is basically a subalpine forest as it is located in high altitude. The forest is also located in the transition zone from Loess Plateau to Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Thus, it is the warmest region in Qinghai Province. It borders on the Yellow River in the North and is adjacent to the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station. Huge mountains extend from the forest with trees covered resembling a sea of forest. There are deflated hills around the Kanbula Forest that are formed due to erosion from wind and sand. The hills are called red cloud landforms. Climate Characteristics Cold and warm weathers are the two general climate condition in the forest. Cold season is characterized by cold, windy and dry air, while dry season features monsoon and warm and humid air. According to meteorological data records, the average temperature of the forest is 1 to 2.9 °C (Wu, 2007). The warmest month (July) has a daily temperature of 11.5-13.4 °C. The coldest month (January) has average daily temperature -12-10.1 °C(Wu, 2007). From March to September month average is temperature of 7-8.4  °C; stable over time through 0 °C for 190 days; plant growing period mean diurnal temperature 13.l  °C, 2,622-2,900 hours of annual sunshine hours, global solar radiation 609-647 kJ / cm. Annual rainfall is 450-490 mm, annual evaporation 1,923 mm. Annual average wind speed 19 meters per second, more concentrated in the January to April (Wu, 2007). Soil Characteristics Kanbula forest’s soil has five categories. The first type is alpine shrub meadow soil that is found at the altitude between 3,600 and 3,900 meters. The second type is the